In many ways, the arrival of Hurricane Irene last week drove home the importance of National Preparedness Month, an effort from the FEMA Ready campaign to encourage Americans to take steps to prepare for emergencies throughout the year. With people relying on the Internet worldwide, it’s not surprising that Google search data and a recently released American Red Cross survey show that people turn to online resources and tools for information and communication during major crises. First responders, who provide services in the aftermath of disasters, are also finding Internet and cloud-based tools and information useful—for improving their understanding of a situation, collaborating with each other and communicating with the public.



Today, in preparation for September’s National Preparedness Month, our Crisis Response team is introducing a new Google Crisis Preparedness website with information and educational tools on using technology to prepare for crises. On the site, you can see how individuals and organizations have used technology during crises in the past, including how two girls located their grandfather after the Japan earthquake and tsunami in March of this year and how Americorps tracked volunteers during the tornadoes in Joplin, Missouri in May of this year. There’s a section for responders with information on using Google tools in crises, such as collaborating efficiently using Google Docs, Spreadsheets and Sites, visualizing the disaster-related information with Google My Maps and Google Earth, and more.







Also, you can access a new public preparedness web resource launching today: Get Tech Ready, developed as a collaboration between FEMA, the American Red Cross, the Ad Council and Google Crisis Response. There, you’ll find tips on using technology to prepare for, adapt to and recover from disasters, for example:

• Learn how to send updates via text and internet from your mobile phone in case voice communications are not available
• Store your important documents in the cloud so they can be accessed from anywhere or in a secure and remote area such as a flash or jump drive that you can keep readily available
• Create an Emergency Information Document using this Ready.gov Emergency Plan Google Docs Template, or by downloading it to record and share your emergency plans and access them from anywhere

We encourage you to take a moment now to see how simple, easy-to-use and readily-available technology tools can help you prepare for a crisis. You’ll be more comfortable using these tools in the event of a disaster if you’ve already tried them out—and even integrated them into your daily life.



Nigel Snoad, Crisis Response Product Manager

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People often share stories with us about the ways the Internet has helped them during natural disasters. Whether it’s accessing information about the event, communicating with loved ones during a crisis or finding out how to help respond in the aftermath, the web plays a valuable role.



We looked up some statistics from our search data for several natural disasters to get insights into this phenomenon. We see two consistent trends in search behavior and internet use in the affected areas: a substantial (and often dominant) proportion of searches are directly related to the crises; and people continue to search and access information online even while traffic and search levels drop temporarily during and immediately following the crises. While in some cases internet access is restricted due to infrastructure failures, generally Internet Service Providers continue to provide connectivity and users take advantage of it. The findings show just how resilient the internet can be in times of crises, compared to other infrastructure.



We expect these trends will continue, and to a great extent this drives the ongoing work of the Google Crisis Response team to improve the information available on the 'net during crises.



Joplin Tornado, Joplin, MO, USA, May 2011

The week of this year’s tornadoes in Joplin, Missouri, searches for terms related to help, safety and recovery were significantly up from normal levels. [Disaster relief] was 2054 percent greater than normal and [FEMA], [American Red Cross], and [National Weather Service] showed increases of 400-1000%. Despite the tragedy, in which 25 percent of the town was destroyed and 75 percent damaged, we still saw search traffic at 58 percent of normal levels the day of the tornado, and an immediate recovery toward normal Internet traffic occured within a day of the event.



Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, LA, USA, August 2005

During Hurricane Katrina, one of the largest U.S. disasters in recent memory, terms like [new orleans], [hurricane] and [katrina] topped search queries while search queries for resource providers like FEMA and the American Red Cross grew the fastest, according to our data. Even as 90% of the population was evacuated from New Orleans, we still saw search traffic at more than 50 percent of normal in Louisiana and 20% of normal in New Orleans, based on the previous five-day average.



The Internet has proven to be an essential resource during natural disasters internationally as well.



Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, Northern Coast, Japan, March, 2011

During the Japan earthquake and tsunami, searches for earthquake information and impacts including terms like [outage], [tokyo electric power] and [rolling blackouts] gew the fasted and also topped the list of most searched queries across Japan. In fact, even in the hardest hit areas, where mobile and landline communications were disrupted, Internet services were largely unaffected. During this time, people entered 620,000 records into Google Person Finder, a tool developed by the Google Crisis Response team to help people find missing friends and loved ones in the aftermath of such disasters.



Chile Earthquake, Maule Chile, February 2010

Immediately following the earthquake, people searching online were actively looking for earthquake information; earthquake and news source search terms became eight of the top 10 queries. [Terremoto] was the most searched term, and two online news sources, Terra and Emol, and the National Office for Emergencies [onemi] also appeared as top keywords. While there was no search traffic for 15 minutes after the earthquake, within one day searches had recovered to 25 percent of normal traffic, and search traffic returned to pre-earthquake levels within just four days.



Haiti Earthquake, Port-Au-Prince, Haiti, January 2010

The month of the Haiti earthquake, [seisme]—or “earthquake”—was the fastest-growing search term, and it continued its surface as a frequently searched term for almost two months after the earthquake. In the capital city of Port-Au-Prince, at the center of the earthquake, search traffic stopped momentarily, but did not completely disappear even when the three submarine Internet cables were cut as a result of the earthquake. As outlined by this U.S. Department of Homeland Security Communications Summary, Internet Service Providers were able to quickly reroute connections through a microwave relay wireless communication between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. This allowed traffic to return to rise within one day, and reach normal levels within a few months, despite ongoing damage to the city and country’s infrastructure.



We’re excited about continuing our work to create and support products that make the Internet even more useful to people looking for information and communication during crises.



Ryan Falor, Crisis Response Product Manager

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Cross-posted on the Google LatLong Blog.





Yesterday, we posted about our new Google Crisis Map, with the latest available geographic information on current disasters including Hurricane Irene. This morning, we put together a New York specific Crisis Map for Hurricane Irene, including Evacuation Zones, Shelter, and Storm Tracking. Sources include NYC Datamine, FEMA, American Red Cross and other organizations.





We hope this information helps you stay informed and be prepared.



Posted by Nigel Snoad, Google Crisis Response Product Manager

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We’re pleased to announce that “Assessing Google Flu Trends Performance in the United States during the 2009 Influenza Virus A (H1N1) Pandemic” is now published in PLoS One. If you’ve wondered what changed between our pre and post swine flu Google Flu Trends models in the US, or if you’re just a flu data nerd, then you’ll definitely want to read it.



Each year we review our Google Flu Trends models and may update them, if an update would make them more accurate when compared with the official influenza data we benchmark against. In this paper, we, together with a member of the US CDC influenza division, provide details of how the original pre-H1N1 Google Flu Trends model for the US performed in comparison with the updated Google Flu Trends model when compared against the CDC’s ILINet (Influenza-Like-Illness) data.



Since the original Google Flu Trends model for the US was built using only seasonal influenza data (pandemic flu data didn’t exist in the five years prior to 2009), we did not know how Google Flu Trends would perform during an outbreak of pandemic flu. If the symptoms and complications of pandemic flu were similar to seasonal flu, we expected Google Flu Trends would be able to detect it.

Time series plots of ILINet data and original and updated Google Flu Trends estimates

A. ILINet data and Google Flu Trends estimates from 2009

B. ILINet data and Google Flu Trends estimates for the entire time period where GFT estimates are available: 2003-2009.

(Click on image to enlarge)

We found that while both the original and updated Google Flu Trends models performed well prior to H1N1, the updated model performed better during H1N1--particularly during the first wave of H1N1. Though generally getting the trend correct, the original model underestimated the magnitude of ILI activity during the H1N1. Why was this the case? In short, search behavior changed during H1N1. This was especially true for the categories “influenza complications” and “term for influenza." This is not unexpected, since differing complications and the fact that H1N1 began spreading during the northern hemisphere summer rather than winter likely played a role. It is interesting to see how the categories and examples of specific queries changed, though. For some specific examples, read the paper.



We’re soon headed into flu season for the half of the world in the Northern hemisphere, so let’s stay healthy!



Posted by Corrie Conrad, Google.org

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Cross-posted on the Google LatLong blog.




With Hurricane Irene headed towards the East Coast of the United States, the Google Crisis Response team has assembled a collection of map data to help you keep track of the storm. From this map, you're able to get most recent hurricane-related information from such sources as NOAA's National Hurricane Center and FEMA.



To help explore this information, we've created the Google Crisis Map, a map viewer with the latest available geographic information. Here's some more information about the map's content and features:

• Google Crisis Map always shows the latest, valuable information we've been able to uncover on the most current situation
• You can zoom and pan the map using the on-screen controls, and turn layers of information on or off just by clicking
• You can find out more about the map layers by visiting the linked websites of the content owners
• The site is optimized for mobile, so you can look at the map on a mobile phone as well as your desktop
• You can also share the map, or embed it on your website or blog by clicking share to find the URL and HTML code

Hurricane Irene map viewer

To provide feedback or comments on the map, or if you're aware of map layers or other datasets that you would like to see included on our maps, please submit them for our consideration at google.org/crisismap. We'll continue to update the Crisis Response website with other valuable resources on Hurricane Irene and relevant preparedness tips.



To view the projected and historical path of Hurricane Irene in Google Earth you can visit the Google Earth Gallery or download the KML file.



We hope these tools help keep you and organizations better informed about diaster preparedness.



Posted by Susannah Raub, Tech Lead, Google Maps API, Google Crisis Response Team

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(Cross-posted from the Google Lat Long Blog)



The collective expertise of the Google Map Maker community has benefitted millions of people who use Google Maps. Users have helped put cities, road networks, and universities on the map for the first time in over 187 countries and regions. Now, users have the ability to contribute more than their mapping edits; they can also share their experiences, knowledge, and local expertise.

Map Makerpedia homepage

Map Makerpedia is a new crowdsourced guide for Google Map Maker that features lessons, articles, and tutorials. Alongside the Lat Long Blog and Map Your World community, Map Makerpedia is part of Google’s effort to highlight the contributions of individuals and organizations. Similar to a Wiki, the site allows users to both submit content and make edits.



Students at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria are using Map Makerpedia to showcase their campus mapping project. Their contribution is more than a simple account of activities taking place but also contains information on event planning, preparation, and important challenges faced. These experiences serve as a guide for groups in other schools to follow, and these groups, in turn, can share their own experiences on the university mapping page.

Mapping in groups at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria

Map Makerpedia features a ‘Maps 101’ section, which puts Map Maker tutorials in a lesson-based form. Additionally ‘Map Maker on the Ground’ highlights the unique applications of the tool in the field, such as flood mapping in Pakistan, health mapping in Africa, and slum mapping across the world.



Map Makerpedia was designed for flexibility and collaboration at all levels, from new submissions to revisions. The initial design and much of the original content was shaped by the Map Maker Advocates, as well as Dr. Rob Lemmens from ITC.



Google Map Maker allows users to add and update geographic information for millions to see. Map Maker encourages users to make their mark on the map. Map Makerpedia enables users to build their Map Maker knowledge and also make their mark on the greater community.





Posted by Daniel Schier, Google.org

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(Cross-posted from the Google Lat Long Blog)

In the wake of intense drought, the Horn of Africa is gripped by its worst famine in more than 60 years. Over 12.4 million people across Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia are threatened with hunger and disease as they are unable to access basic survival means. UN agencies and other humanitarian organizations are rallying to support refugees on the move, particularly to the thousands fleeing Somalia. Valerie Amos, OCHA Emergency Relief Coordinator, has stated that “This will not be a short crisis.” The emergency is expected to persist at least three to four months, and the number of people needing humanitarian assistance could increase by as much as 25 percent.

Ethiopia/Somali refugees. Water point in Kobe camp. Dollo Ado Region. UNHCR, G. Puertas, July 2011.

Fresh and accurate maps are among the many critical factors in assessing such a state of crisis, as they provide vital information to facilitate emergency response and planning. Thanks to the efforts of our satellite imagery partner, GeoEye, we now have high resolution imagery of locations with the most pressing humanitarian needs. This has made Google Map Maker community mapping efforts even more effective, by allowing the creation of improved maps over refugee camps in Kenya, Ethiopia and the city of Mogadishu. Volunteers are mapping roads, hospitals, schools, community centers, and water resources, among other vital landmarks. The map data contributed is being shared periodically with the UN agencies engaged in this crisis. Google has also donated 1 million USD to help local and international organizations provide famine and drought relief support in the Horn of Africa.

Bokolmanyo Refugee Camp, Ethiopia. IKONOS imagery, July 29th 2011, © 2011 GeoEye

You can help the Horn of Africa during its time of crisis by creating detailed maps using your local knowledge of places, such as cities, roads, and natural landmarks. If you’re unfamiliar with the region, try pairing up with people who have local knowledge, who can help by reviewing and correcting your edits. To participate in these ways and more, and offer feedback, please join our Africa mailing list and visit the Horn of Africa community mapping site as we all map the way toward crisis relief.



Posted by France Lamy, Program Manager Emerging Markets, Google.org

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(Cross-posted on the Lat Long blog).




Pakistan continues on a trajectory of exciting technology initiatives, sparked most recently by three consecutive Google Map Maker events in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore in early June. Following on the heels of these successful MapUps, P@SHA (Pakistan Software Houses Association for IT & ITES), in collaboration with Google, launched a fund to drive social innovation in Pakistan.

Islamabad: Chairman Pakistan Telecommunication Authority Dr. Mohammed Yaseen inaugurating “Social Innovation Fund” by P@SHA at PTA headquarters. Dr. Khawar Siddique Khokhar, Ms. Jehan Ara, President of P@SHA, Mr. Badar Khushnood, Country Consultant for Google, MD PSEB Mr. Zia Imran are also pictured

The purpose of the P@SHA Social Innovation fund is to encourage big ideas by providing the Pakistani people with financial support and guidance for social innovation projects. Google has provided a seed grant of US$250,000, which will be allocated to 25 all-star proposals that incorporate technology as a means of addressing a specific social need, such as flood relief or disease prevention. The idea is not simply to fund the creation of software, but to fund ideas that use Information and Communication Technologies as a platform for delivery and as a means for empowerment.

Contributed by Outreach Guru, Rabia Garib of CIO Pakistan

In addition to offering funding, P@SHA has established an oversight committee, advisory board, and outreach gurus from the business IT community to guide the shortlisted proposals from inception to reality. The hope is to create a safe harbor for eager entrepreneurs to jump-start ideas without the fear of failure. P@SHA President Jehan Ara anticipates that many of these ideas will emerge from Pakistani youth. According to Jehan, one of Pakistan’s main strengths is that 60% of the population is below the age of 24, something the country can leverage. Jehan believes a large number of these individuals are passionate about making a difference in the communities in which they live--and, to some extent, are already doing so.

P@SHA launch in Karachi, Pakistan: Mr. Ashraf Kapadia, Chairman of P@SHA, Mr. Badar Khushnood, Google Pakistan Country Consultant, Ms. Jehan Ara, President of P@SHA, Mr. Amin Hashwani and Mr. Danish Lakhani, members of the P@SHA Fund Advisory Board

Google Map Maker has already witnessed several such innovations in Pakistan, such as Sindh Flood Maps, FloodMAPS of Dr. Sohaib Khan, and http://www.local.com.pk/, which implement the Google Maps API to assist in disaster relief management. Proposals are being accepted through August, and are not limited by age, gender, caste or creed. P@SHA requires only that applicants be Pakistanis who are based in Pakistan and ready to share their innovations with the world.



Amongst others, we anxiously await any future mapping projects that may be in store following P@SHA’s announcement of winners in the early fall, and encourage all our avid Pakistani mappers and brilliant innovators to submit their big idea!



Posted by Lori Savageau, Community Manager, Google Map Maker

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We’re proud to celebrate with Ghana and the Carter Center the elimination of Guinea worm (dracunculiasis) from Ghana. Several years ago Google.org provided $1,450,000 in funding to the Carter Center to support the eradication of this debilitating, 3,000 year old disease from Ghana. It’s now been 14 months since the last case of Guinea worm was reported there.



This is a fantastic accomplishment that took a lot of hard work by the Carter Center, the Ministry of Health and their partners. There is no drug to prevent the infection of Guinea worm disease. Thus, our funds supported health education, as village-based health workers were trained to educate people about the origins of the disease and how to prevent it. In addition, these health workers mobilized to treat water sources, advocate for the provision of clean water, and monitor and contain cases of Guinea worm. With our funds in 2008, the Carter Center achieved an 85% reduction in cases--the largest year over year percentage reduction seen in the history of the program! Ghana now enters an additional surveillance period to achieve official World Health Organization certification of its success.



Guinea worm is caused by a roundworm that lays its larvae in water. When people drink the infected water the larvae hatch inside them and can grow up to 3 feet in length before painfully emerging through their skin about a year later. There’s no way of knowing where the worm will emerge. It’s not unusual for it to exit near the ankle or foot, which impairs the victim’s movement and ability to work. It’s a slow and painful process to remove the worm without breaking it off in the patient. Often, affected individuals seek relief by submerging their sores in water, at which point the worm releases new larvae into the water and the cycle continues.



In 1986, when the Carter Center began the campaign to eradicate Guinea worm, there were more than 3.5 million cases across 20 countries in Asia and Africa. Today, only 3 countries remain: South Sudan, Mali and Ethiopia. So far this year only 800 cases have been reported.



To date, smallpox is the only human disease that’s been eradicated. The Carter Center is well on its way to making Guinea worm the second human disease to be wiped off the earth.

Update (8/10): Text amended to reflect that Guinea worm would be the second human disease to be eradicated. The animal disease Rinderpest was announced as successfully eradicated in June of this year.

Posted by Corrie Conrad, Google.org

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